ORIGINAL
Green innovation analysis for cocoa
farmers in the municipality of Roberto Payán
Análisis de la innovación verde para los
cultivadores de cacao en el municipio de Roberto Payán
Sergio Oleider Angulo Rincón1, Claudia Magali Solarte Solarte1
1Universidad
CESMAG, Administración de Empresas. San Juan de Pasto, Colombia.
Cite as: Angulo Rincón
SO, Solarte Solarte CM. Green innovation analysis for cocoa farmers in the
municipality of Roberto Payán. Environmental Research and Ecotoxicity. 2024;
3:120. https://doi.org/10.56294/ere2024120
Submitted: 23-05-2023
Revised: 02-10-2023 Accepted: 06-01-2024
Published: 07-01-2024
Editor: Manickam
Sivakumar 
ABSTRACT
The municipality of Roberto Payán has a promising
agricultural sector for cocoa cultivation, supported by favourable natural
conditions and a great potential for the adoption of sustainable agricultural
practices. Through the application of green innovations, such as agroforestry,
the use of organic fertilisers and the integration of clean technologies, it is
possible to ensure not only higher productivity, but also environmental
protection and the creation of a more resilient and competitive agricultural system.
The project focuses on green innovation applied to cocoa harvesters in the
municipality of Roberto Payán, with the aim of improving both productivity and
environmental sustainability in the region. This municipality has vast hectares
of land suitable for large-scale cocoa production, which offers a unique
opportunity to transform the agricultural sector. The research seeks to
identify the problems and opportunities related to cocoa cultivation, proposing
alternative solutions that reduce the environmental impact and increase the
quality of the product. The paradigm is positivist by other authors called
quantitative and uses data collection and analysis to answer research questions
and test previously established hypotheses and relies on numerical measurement,
counting and often on the use of statistics to accurately establish, measure
and evaluate the quality of the product use of statistics to accurately
establish patterns of behaviour in a population.
Approach: the
research approach is quantitative because surveys will be conducted in order to
collect and analyse numerical data. The research on cocoa farmers has an
empirical analytical method because the causes and effects of the problem will
be studied and alternative solutions will be given. The current research is
descriptive in that it will provide information on the characteristics of the
population under study during the year 2024. 30 cocoa producers will be
randomly selected, including both family members and some from the village of
Loma Linda, as the only data to which we have access for the study.30 cocoa
producers will be selected, including both family members and some from the
Loma Linda village.
Data collection techniques: Primary
sources: A survey will be applied to cocoa farmers in the Loma Linda village
(Roberto Payán). Books and degree works of the universities of the city of
Pasto will be consulted.Tertiary sources: Web pages, blogs, digital books and
digital articles will be consulted. The work shows that the municipality of
Roberto Payán has a great potential to develop large-scale cocoa cultivation,
taking advantage of the favourable geographical and climatic conditions of the
region. The implementation of sustainable agricultural practices, such as
agroforestry, the use of organic fertilisers and crop diversification, will not
only improve cocoa productivity and quality, but will also contribute to
environmental preservation and long-term sustainability.
Keywords:
Green Innovation; Cocoa; Producers.
RESUMEN
El municipio de Roberto Payán cuenta con un sector
agrícola prometedor para el cultivo de cacao, respaldado por condiciones
naturales favorables y un gran potencial para la adopción de prácticas
agrícolas sostenibles. A través de la aplicación de innovaciones verdes, como
la agroforestería, el uso de fertilizantes orgánicos y
la integración de tecnologías limpias, se puede garantizar no solo una
mayor productividad, sino también la protección del medio ambiente y la
creación de un sistema agrícola más resiliente y competitivo. El proyecto está
centrado en la innovación verde aplicada a los recolectores de cacao en el
municipio de Roberto Payán, con el objetivo de mejorar tanto la productividad
como la sostenibilidad ambiental de la región. Este municipio cuenta con vastas
hectáreas de tierras aptas para la producción de cacao a gran escala, lo que
ofrece una oportunidad única para transformar el sector agrícola. La
investigación busca identificar las problemáticas y oportunidades relacionadas
con el cultivo del cacao, proponiendo alternativas de solución que reduzcan el
impacto ambiental y aumenten la calidad del producto. El paradigma es
positivista por otros autores denominado cuantitativo utiliza la recolección y
el análisis de datos para contestar preguntas de investigación y probar
hipótesis establecidas previamente y confía en la medición numérica, el conteo
y frecuentemente en el uso de estadísticas para establecer con exactitud,
patrones de comportamiento en una población.
Enfoque:
el enfoque de la investigación es cuantitativo debido a que se llevará a cabo
encuestas con el fin de recolectar y analizar datos numéricos. La investigación
de los cultivadores de cacao tiene un método empírico analítico por que se
estudiaran las causas y los efectos de la problemática y se dará alternativas
de solución.
La investigación en curso es descriptiva ya que se
dará conocer las características de la población objeto de estudio durante el
año 2024.
Se seleccionarán aleatoriamente 30 productores de
cacao, incluyendo tanto a familiares como a algunos de la vereda de Loma Linda,
como los únicos datos a los que se tiene acceso para el estudio. Se elegirán 30
productores de cacao, incluyendo tanto a familiares como a algunos de la vereda
de Loma Linda.
Técnicas de recolección de la
información: Fuentes primarias: Se aplicará una
encuesta a los cultivadores de Cacao de la vereda Loma Linda (Roberto Payán Se
consultará en libros, trabajos de grado de las universidades de la ciudad de
Pasto Fuentes terciarias: Se consultará en páginas web, blogs, libros
digitales, artículos digitales. El trabajo cuenta que el municipio de Roberto
Payán posee un gran potencial para desarrollar el cultivo de cacao a gran
escala, aprovechando las condiciones geográficas y climáticas favorables de la
región. La implementación de prácticas agrícolas sostenibles, como la
agroforestería, el uso de fertilizantes orgánicos y la diversificación de
cultivos, no solo mejorará la productividad y la calidad del cacao, sino que
también contribuirá a la preservación del medio ambiente y la sostenibilidad a
largo plazo.
Palabras clave:
Innovación Verde; Cacao; Productores.
INTRODUCTION
Cocoa, Theobroma cacao, is one of
the most traditional products of Meso-America. Cocoa has been present in
American culture since pre-Columbian times. It originated in the Amazon and was
consumed by the Toltecs, Aztecs, and Incas. At the beginning of the 17th
century, the Spanish conquistadors introduced cocoa to Europe, from where it
began to be widely consumed.
The project focuses on green
innovation among cocoa collectors in Roberto Payán. It also seeks to analyze
the problems and opportunities for improvement in environmental care, proposing
alternative solutions so that growers can use them and make their products more
productive and of high quality. The municipality has large hectares of land for
large-scale cocoa production.
The research will focus on green
innovation for the cultivation of cocoa, where the aim is to change chemical
fertilizers for natural fertilizers, reduce water and air pollution in the
spraying process, use renewable energies such as those provided by the sun and
wind, as well as the creation and development of green awareness through the
generation of cocoa production as a profitable and environmentally sustainable
business, to encourage the development of a green economy and the production of
cocoa as a profitable and ecologically sustainable business.
Environmentally sustainable
business to encourage cocoa harvesters to use green innovations to boost their
crops. According to FAO data, Colombia ranked tenth among the world's leading
cocoa producers in 2018. Colombian production hovered around 52 743 tonnes
placing it just behind nations such as the Dominican Republic, Peru, and
Ecuador. However, it is still far from the production volumes of African
countries such as the Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, and Cameroon.(1)
Over time, cocoa production in
Colombia has fluctuated. From the 1960s to the early 1990s, it experienced
steady growth, increasing from around 15 000 tonnes to almost 60 000 tonnes.
However, in the mid-1990s, it fell to less than 35 000 tonnes by 2002. Since
then, it has shown an upward trend, reaching a peak of nearly 60 500 tonnes in
2017, although this value hardly represents a recovery from the production
peaks of the early 1990s(1,2,3,4,5)
Regarding the regional distribution
of cocoa production in Colombia, the primary department is Santander. Its
production has risen since 2011, reaching more than 25 000 tonnes in 2019,
representing 42 % of the national total. It is followed by Antioquia and
Arauca, with figures between 4500 and 5300 tonnes, respectively. Huila and
Tolima produce between 4100 and 4500 tonnes, while Nariño is close to 3400.
Cundinamarca and Meta produce around 2200 tons, and Cesar and Norte de
Santander reach 1500 tons. The rest of the departments contribute around 6000
tonnes, representing 10 % of the total.(1,6,7,8,9,10)
In terms of area planted with
cocoa, Santander also leads, with growth from 2010, when it covered 46 500
hectares, to 2018, when it reached 56 500 hectares (32 % of the national
total). Antioquia followed it with 14 800 hectares in 2018, and Nariño and
Arauca approached 14 000 hectares. Norte de Santander and Huila have figures
close to 12 000 hectares, while Tolima exceeds 11 300 hectares. The rest of the
departments do not exceed 6700 hectares. Growth is notable in Cundinamarca,
where the figure doubled between 2010 and 2018. However, it still does not
reach 5000 hectares, and Arauca, Meta, and Nariño increased the area planted by
about 50 % in the same period.(1,11,12,13,14)
The cocoa sector is estimated to
grow by 3 % by 2021, reaching a crop area of 193 953 hectares and a production
of 65 174 tonnes.
Between 2015 and 2020, the area
under cocoa cultivation in Colombia experienced an increase of 13 %, while
production saw an increase of 15 %. In 2020, production experienced an increase
of 3676 tonnes, representing an increase of 6 %, marking a historic milestone
for the country. This increase in production in 2020 is attributed to two main
factors: firstly, favorable weather conditions throughout the year contributed
positively to the flowering of the trees; secondly, cocoa prices in the last
two years have been above $7500 per kilogram, which has allowed producers to
have economic resources to fertilize their crops.(15,16,17,18,19,20)
Cocoa growers in the municipality
of Roberto Payán have several problems in making this product a commercial
power in the region, as it is an area that is forgotten in the territory of
Colombia; with all that, cocoa producers are faced with not having highly
qualified work tools such as the great technologies in the agricultural sector,
well, in Colombia, farmers not only cocoa but in general suffer from the use of
technologies that facilitate their work and generate growth to their
productivity. Technology is fundamental to this field to make the productivity
of products more efficient. As long as the farmers do not have highly qualified
tools, the economy of the farming sector will remain the same.(21,22,23)
It can also be observed that the
cocoa producers of Roberto Payán, besides not having technology, do not have
adequate inputs for this product. While they find one input that serves for the
cultivation of cocoa in the region, there are more than 10 inputs that serve to
produce illicit crops.
However, illicit crops have become
a trigger at the national level, as they are the source of drug trafficking
networks, corruption, crime, etc. As a result, crops such as cocoa are not
feasible in this area, as they do not generate the same.
The cultivation of illicit crops,
such as coca leaf, is currently a strong force in the municipality of Roberto
Payán, as its inhabitants are economically dependent on it. This is a cause for
concern, as most of the villages in the municipality are opting to grow this
crop to support themselves economically and provide for themselves, as it has
become the primary source of economic income for their families.(24,25,26)
Cocoa, better known in the
territory as chocolate, was rich in the land in its beginnings because the
ancestors planted it a lot, and it was one of the traditional fruits of the
municipality of Roberto Payán. However, as time went by, this practice was lost,
and it can be said that few people planted it, and there are only a few houses
where trees of this fruit can be seen.
How does green innovation
contribute to the growth and development of cocoa farmers in the municipality
of Roberto Payán?
Objective
To carry out an analysis of green
innovation for cocoa farmers in the municipality of Roberto Payán.
METHOD
Other authors call the positivist
paradigm quantitative. It uses data collection and analysis to answer research
questions and test previously established hypotheses. It relies on numerical
measurement, counting, and often statistics to establish patterns of behavior
in a population accurately.
It is based on a deductive
approach, moving from the general to the particular. From extensive knowledge
of generality, the bounded behavior of an individual particularity can be
deduced. It is based on modeling that defines how everything is done, transforming
it into a more rigid approach framed in a certain way of doing things.
It is based on the probabilistic
induction of logical positivism because it emphasizes the proven or verified
experience of the senses.
The research on green innovation in
cocoa producers belongs to the positivist paradigm because it uses data
collection and analysis through surveys, where numerical measurement is made,
to tabulate and interpret the information obtained.
Approach
"Quantitative research
consists of collecting and analyzing numerical data. This method is ideal for
identifying trends and averages, making predictions, testing relationships, and
obtaining general results from large populations".
The research approach is
quantitative because surveys will be conducted to collect and analyze numerical
data.
Method
The method is empirical-analytical,
in which studies use numerical or statistical data to answer specific
cause-effects.
The research on cocoa farmers uses
an empirical-analytical method because it studies the causes and effects of the
problem and provides alternative solutions.
Type of Research
Descriptive research focuses on
identifying the characteristics of the population being studied. This
methodology focuses more on the ‘what’ rather than the ‘why’ of the research
subject.
The current research is descriptive
in that it will provide insight into the characteristics of the population
under study in 2024.
Population and sample
Population
An estimate of the population will
be made through direct observation in an area affected by the presence of
illicit groups and the absence of formal records in databases. Thirty cocoa
producers will be randomly selected, including family members and some from the
village of Loma Linda, as the only data available for the study.
Sample
As this is an environment where
illicit groups and the lack of formal records make it difficult to access
reliable data, a convenience sampling method will be used to estimate the
population. Thirty cocoa producers will be chosen, including both family members
and some from the Loma Linda village, which, according to a study:
Convenience sampling is a
non-probabilistic and non-random sampling technique used to create samples
according to ease of access, availability of people to be part of the sample,
availability of the researcher chooses members only based on their
accessibility, the availability of people to be part of the sample in a given
time interval, or any other practical specification of a particular item.
The researcher chooses members only
because of their proximity and does not consider whether they really represent
a representative sample of the whole population. This technique makes it easier
to observe habits, opinions, and views. Researchers use sampling techniques in
situations where large populations need to be assessed since it is almost
impossible to test an entire population.
Convenience sampling is the most
commonly used sampling technique, as it is extremely quick, simple, and
inexpensive, and members are usually accessible to participate in the sample.
This technique is used when no
criteria are considered for a person to be part of the sample. Each element of
the population can be a participant and is eligible to be part of the sample.
These participants are usually dependent on proximity to the researcher.
Data collection techniques
Primary sources: a survey will be
conducted on the cocoa growers of Loma Linda village (Roberto Payán).
Secondary sources: books and degree
work from the universities of Pasto will be consulted.
Tertiary sources: web pages, blogs,
digital books, and digital articles will be consulted.
RESULTS
Diagnosis based on green innovation
in cocoa harvesters in the village of Loma Linda in the municipality of Roberto
Payán.
The results of the surveys are
presented below:
Figure 1. Gender
The figure shows the gender
distribution of cocoa farmers, showing that 87 % are men, while the remaining
13 % are women. This notable difference reflects the male predominance in the
region's agricultural activity, where men are the ones who are mostly involved
in cocoa cultivation. Women, on the other hand, tend to be involved in other
activities, such as domestic work.
Figure 2. Age
The figure above shows that 37 % of
the growers are between 31 and 40 years old, being the largest group. This
suggests that most of those involved are in the middle of their productive
stage. On the other hand, 33 % are in the 41-50 age range, indicating that
middle-aged adults also play an important role in this activity.
17 % are underrepresented young
people aged 20-30, reflecting low participation of the younger generation. On
the other hand, 13 % are older than 51, representing the least numerous group,
probably due to the physical demands of the crop. Thus, most cocoa farmers (70
%) are between 31 and 50. In contrast, younger and older cocoa farmers
participate to a lesser extent, which could indicate challenges for
generational renewal and the long-term sustainability of the crop.
Figure 3. Monthly
income
Fifty percent of the growers earn
the legal minimum wage, indicating that half are at the bottom of the wage
scale. This group faces significant economic constraints. Meanwhile, 27 %
receive less than one minimum wage, which is evidence that a considerable group
of farmers are below the minimum income standard, possibly reflecting low
levels of productivity or profitability in their crops.
17 % earn two minimum wages,
representing an economic improvement compared to the previous groups, although
they remain a minority. This group could be better positioned due to factors
such as access to better technologies or markets. However, 6 % of growers, the
smallest group, earn more than two minimum wages. This analysis shows an
unequal income structure in the cocoa sector, where most farmers are at the
lower end of the wage scale. This could suggest the need for policies or
programs that encourage higher productivity, access to better markets, and
financial support for smallholders. It is worth noting that the highest-paid
farmers are people who not only have an income from the crop but also have
other jobs or are collaborators of the state (teachers, social leaders,
individual jobs) to depend on a single income and the stat.
Figure 4. Marital
status
According to the figure 4, 60 % of
respondents live in a consensual union, which could indicate a change in social
norms or preferences concerning traditional marriage. This trend may be due to
greater social acceptance of unions without legal formalization, economic
difficulties, or a greater search for flexibility in couple relationships.
Some 20 % of respondents still opt
for formal marriage, which shows that it is still an important option, although
not the most common in this sample. This could be related to cultural,
religious, or legal factors.
A significant percentage of
respondents (17 %) are single, which may reflect a desire for independence or a
postponement of forming a partner due to professional or personal goals.
Figure 5. Level
of study
The survey shows that 40 % of cocoa
farmers have secondary education, the highest proportion. This indicates that
many of the farmers have attained a medium level of education, which could
influence their technical knowledge and skills in cultivation. However, 27 % of
the growers completed primary education, showing that a significant part of the
population has a basic level of education.
After that, 13 % of the growers
have professional studies, which represents a smaller group but with a more
advanced academic background. This could imply greater access to specialized
knowledge in agriculture or crop management. Meanwhile, 10 % have attained
technical studies. This group has training oriented towards practical skills,
which could be useful in implementing improvements in the production processes
of cocoa cultivation.
Finally, 7 % of the farmers have
technologist studies, an intermediate level between technician and
professional, which could give them an advantage in using more advanced
technologies and production methods. Only 3 % of the farmers have no formal
education at all. This group is the smallest, suggesting that most cocoa
farmers have at least some formal education.
This analysis reflects the
diversity of educational levels among cocoa farmers. The majority have a
predominantly middle level of education, but there is a significant presence of
people with higher education who could help drive improvements in the industry.
Figure 6. Delivers
its production to a raw material collection centre
The figure shows that 87 % of
respondents indicate that they do deliver their production to a collection
center. This is a majority percentage, suggesting that most producers prefer to
centralize the delivery of their cocoa to collection centers. This may be due
to logistical facilities, trade agreements, or the possibility of accessing
larger markets.
Only 13 % of producers do not use
collection centers to deliver their production. This minority group may be
marketing directly or using other distribution mechanisms, which could suggest
greater autonomy or a different approach to selling their cocoa.
This analysis suggests that
collection centers are critical for most producers, facilitating market access
and providing an efficient avenue for marketing cocoa.
Figure 7. Years
as a cocoa farmer
34 % of the farmers have been
growing cocoa for more than 8 years. This group represents the largest
proportion, which indicates that a significant part of the farmers have
extensive experience in the sector, which can positively influence their
knowledge and cultivation practices. On the other hand, 30 % of the respondents
have been growing cocoa for 2-3 years. This sizeable group suggests many
relatively new producers, possibly driving the sector's growth.
However, 20 % of growers have grown
cocoa for 6-7 years. This group is also significant and reflects a mix of
intermediate experiences that may be at a stage of consolidation as growers.
Meanwhile, 13 % of the farmers have less than 1 year of cocoa growing,
indicating that this percentage corresponds to new entrants starting to
establish themselves.
Finally, 3 % of the respondents
have been growing cocoa for 4-5 years, the least represented group. This
suggests that fewer producers are in this time frame.
This analysis shows a combination
of established experience and the entry of new growers, which may contribute to
the long-term sustainability of the cocoa sector
Figure 8. Owns
its own cocoa crop
100 % of the participants answered
‘yes’, suggesting that growers are not working on rented land, under
third-party contracts, or on other people's land.
This result highlights farmers'
autonomy and complete control over their farming activity, which may influence
their decision-making, management practices, and profitability of the cocoa
business. This suggests a high degree of farmer independence, which could
translate into a greater commitment to product quality and an ability to
implement improvements in their farming. In addition, total land ownership
indicates stability and rootedness in cocoa farming.
Figure 9. Hectares
owned
The figure shows that 33 % is the
largest category, indicating that most respondents or cocoa farmers own only
one hectare. This could suggest that many smallholder farmers are involved in
cocoa cultivation. 27 % show that many farmers have more space to cultivate (2
hectares), which could be related to increased investment and resources.
On the other hand, 20 % of farmers
have 3 hectares. Although the percentage has decreased, it is still a
considerable portion representing farmers with a moderate capacity to grow
cocoa. However, 13 % own 4 hectares. This group is noticeably smaller, which
could indicate that as the area under cultivation increases, the number of
farmers is decreasing. This could reflect barriers such as costs, access to
land, or the management of larger crops.
Finally, 7 % is the most minor
proportion, suggesting that few farmers own 5 hectares of land. This could
indicate that cocoa cultivation over larger areas is less common, possibly due
to economic or market constraints.
Figure 10. Produces
under a quality standard and/or certificate, nationally and internationally
The 100 % of respondents not
producing under quality standards or certifications indicate a lack of
alignment with modern market trends, where sustainability and quality are
increasingly valued. Cocoa producers in Roberto Payán should consider
implementing standards and certifications, which could open new doors and
improve their economic situation.
This is because the population is
unaware of any standards that could benefit them.
.
Figure 11. Changes
in the environment such as climatic factors and soil quality positively
influence cocoa cultivation and harvesting
100 % of the respondents agree that
environmental factors, such as climatic changes and soil quality, positively
influence cocoa cultivation and harvesting. This means that everyone recognizes
that the natural environment plays a fundamental role in the successful
production of cocoa. This is crucial, as it reflects a widespread understanding
of the importance of optimal environmental conditions for maximizing
productivity and quality in cocoa cultivation.
Figure 12. The
quality of the environment: climate, temperature, humidity, soil fertility is
suitable for producing cacao
The figure indicates that 100 % of
the respondents consider the quality of the environment, including factors such
as climate, temperature, humidity, and soil fertility, to be suitable for cocoa
production. Not a single respondent expressed the opposite.
This result suggests that cocoa
farmers perceive the current environmental conditions as favorable for the
crop, a positive indicator of productivity and sustainability of production in
the areas analyzed.
Figure 13. Has
received technical advice and innovation from government agencies for cocoa
production
73 % of cocoa producers report not
receiving technical advice and innovation from state agencies. This high
percentage suggests that most producers have access to institutional support to
improve their production. This could imply an exemplary implementation of state
agricultural support programs in the region, aiming to improve cocoa quality,
increase productivity, or introduce new technologies or cultivation practices.
Twenty-seven percent of respondents
have received technical advice or innovation from state agencies. Although a
minority, this percentage is not negligible, indicating that many producers may
be working without technical support.
Figure 14.
Has received technical advice and innovation (seeds for cultivation) from
non-governmental organisations for cocoa production
67 % of the respondents stated that
they have not received technical advice and innovation from non-governmental
agencies for cocoa production. On the other hand, 33 % have received accessory
support because they attended a course given by the SENA, where they were given
guidance on how to grow cocoa and supported by giving seeds for the cultivation
of cocoa.
The high proportion of ‘no’
indicates an opportunity to improve the scope of support programs to promote
greater adoption of innovative techniques and resources to improve the
productivity and sustainability of cocoa cultivation.
Figure 15.
How wastewater is treated in cocoa cultivation
The majority of respondents 53 %
indicated that wastewater from cocoa cultivation is treated by a filtration
process. This suggests that filtration is the main method used to manage
wastewater on these plantations.
The fact that more than half of the
respondents use filtration suggests that there is an awareness of the need to
treat wastewater in cocoa farming, although this process could be improved by
adding disinfection.
Figure 16. Type
of fertiliser used for cocoa growing
46 % of respondents use various
fertilizers, suggesting that almost half of respondents do not limit themselves
to a single type of fertilizer, but prefer to combine different options to
obtain better results.
This trend may indicate greater
awareness of the need to balance nutrients and control pests at the same time.
This variation could be related to the need to ensure both the healthy growth healthy
crop growth and protection against pests and improving the quality of the
cocoa.
Figure 17.
Types of packaging used to sell cocoa
87 % of cocoa producers opt for
sacks as their primary packaging. This may be due to several reasons. Sacks
tend to be cheaper and widely available, which makes them accessible to most
producers. They also make loading the cocoa easier, as they are less labor-intensive
to transport in rural areas.
The predominant use of sacks
reflects a clear trend toward a more traditional, economical, and efficient
packaging method for cocoa producers. Although buckets offer advantages in
terms of reusability, their low adoption suggests that they do not fit most
respondents' logistical or economic needs.
Figure 18.
Reasons for implementing green practices in cocoa growing
60 % of respondents consider the
main reason for implementing green practices in cocoa farming to be reducing
operating costs. This suggests that most farmers see green practices as an
efficient way to make their processes more economical in the long run by optimizing
the use of resources such as water, energy, or fertilizers or by improving
production efficiency.
The analysis of this survey shows
that most cocoa farmers are mainly motivated by the operating cost savings that
can be derived from green practices.
Figure 19. Difficulties
in implementing green practices
60 % of
respondents cited lack of adequate training as the main obstacle to green
practices, suggesting a strong need for training programs.
Growers lack
access to necessary information on sustainable agricultural practices. These
include techniques such as agroforestry, crop rotation, and shade crops, which
are essential to conserving soils and increasing biodiversity
Figure 20. Measures
you implement on your farm to reduce your environmental impact
The 40 % of cocoa producers choosing to
reuse materials to mitigate environmental impact is a positive indicator of
environmental awareness in the sector. This practice can include the reuse of
agricultural materials, such as tree pruning residues, cocoa shells, or
compost, which helps to reduce waste and improve the sustainability of
operations.
Figure 21.
Management of technology or processes that allow for recycling or reuse of
water used in their operations
60 % of respondents indicate that
more than half of the producers have effectively implemented processes to
recycle or reuse water, which could be driven by the need to conserve resources
and reduce costs in areas where water may be scarce or costly.
Most producers (60 %) have
established effective processes for recycling or reusing water, suggesting that
there is awareness and commitment to the responsible use of this resource.
Figure 22.
Management of waste generated in the production process
60 % of respondents indicate that
no measures are implemented to manage waste in the cocoa production process.
This could reflect a lack of
awareness or resources to establish sustainable waste management practices.
This high percentage suggests that farmers in the area are not yet trained to
take action to reduce or properly manage waste.
Figure 23.
In which area do you think distribution and marketing processes should be
improved from a green innovation perspective?
The analysis of the survey results
shows that 60 % of respondents identify two key areas that need improvement in
distribution and marketing processes from a green innovation perspective: the
use of efficient transport and the implementation of eco-friendly packaging.
1. The
use of efficient transport is fundamental because the region only has the river
for transport. Getting their product out of the area is expensive, so they opt
to sell it at an economical price. With the connectivity of land transport,
they can get the product and have higher profits, which would motivate the
farmers.
2. Implementation
of ecological packaging. Encourage research into sustainable materials and
support the design of modular or removable packaging that facilitates
recycling.
Figure 24.
Measures you would take to improve energy efficiency in the production and
marketing processes of cocoa farming
53 % of respondents choose to
implement solar panels as one of the most effective measures to improve energy
efficiency. This reflects an apparent inclination towards using renewable
energy in agriculture, which reduces energy costs in the long term and minimizes
the carbon footprint. The installation of solar panels allows the generation of
clean and stable energy, reducing dependence on conventional sources, which are
often more costly and polluting. This measure is not only seen as an
economically viable option but also as a strategy to align with global trends
towards sustainability.
The survey also shows that a
majority of producers are interested in concrete and technologically advanced
measures, such as solar panels, while a significant number are already open to
more sustainable practices, such as the use of natural fertilizers.
Figure 25. Would
you be willing to invest in the implementation of green practices on your crop
in the long term
73 % of respondents expressed that
they would be willing to invest in green practices long-term, reflecting a
broad interest and openness towards sustainability in agricultural production.
This result suggests that farmers are not only aware of the environmental
impact of their activities but also see green practices as a viable and
beneficial long-term investment.
This indicates that the
agricultural sector is willing to evolve and improve its relationship with the
environment.
Figure 26. How
do you think green innovation could benefit cocoa production in the
municipality of Roberto Payán
Many respondents believe that green
innovation can optimize farming methods, using sustainable practices that
improve yields and protect the environment. Green innovation would benefit
producers in terms of income and foster greater community cohesion by allowing
them to collaborate on sustainable farming practices. This could lead to the
creation of support networks and the improvement of local infrastructure.
The majority of respondents
perceive that green innovation would not only benefit cocoa production by
increasing yields and product value but would also positively impact the
community and the environment. This highlights the need to encourage policies and
programs that support the transition to more sustainable agricultural practices
in the region.
External Factors Evaluation Matrix MEFE
An audit of the external
environment is carried out to identify threats and opportunities for cocoa
farming. The following steps were followed:
· A
list of success factors was drawn up, considering first the opportunities and
then the threats.
· Each
external factor was assigned a weight between 0,0 and 1,0, taking into account
the level of impact that this variable generates on cocoa farmers, taking care
that the sum of all the weights assigned to the factors added up to 1,0.
· Each
of the external factors received a score between 1 and 4, where 4 = major
opportunity, 3 = minor opportunity, 2 = minor threat, and 1 = major threat.
· The
value is multiplied by the rating for each factor to determine the weighted
score.
· As
a last step, the total score was obtained by adding the weighted score.
Figure 27. External
Factors Evaluation Matrix MEFE
It can be analyzed that the MEFE
matrix of the cocoa crops in the village of Loma Linda de Roberto Nariño has 11
external factors, of which six belong to the opportunities and 5 to the
threats, where they obtained the following scores:
Opportunities (Total: 1,86)
Governmental support (0,08; score 3; weighted value
0,24)
The existence of government support
indicates that some policies and programs could facilitate cocoa production and
marketing. The moderate rating suggests that, although there is support, it may
not be sufficient or fully exploited.
Favourable climate (0,07; score 4; weighted value 0,28)
A conducive climate is critical for
cocoa cultivation. This high score highlights the importance of this factor in
ensuring successful and high-quality harvests.
Rural development projects (0,09; score 4; weighted
value 0,36)
Ongoing projects are an excellent
opportunity to improve infrastructure and production capacities. The high score
suggests that these projects are well-received and effectively implemented.
Promotion of regional cocoa (0,12; score 3; weighted
value 0,36)
Promoting regional products can
increase the visibility and demand for local cocoa. This is essential for
building a strong brand and differentiation in the market.
Access to international markets (0,08; score 4;
weighted value 0,32)
Accessing international markets
represents a great opportunity to increase sales and recognition of quality
cocoa. A high score suggests that this access is quite effective.
Growth in demand (0,10; score 3; weighted value 0,30)
Growing market demand for cocoa is
a positive indicator. However, the moderate rating suggests that growers must
be prepared to meet this demand continuously.
Threats (Total: 0,75)
Armed conflict (0,08; rating 2; weighted value 0,16)
The presence of armed conflict can
destabilize communities and affect production. This moderate rating indicates
that it is a risk that should be considered.
Crop substitution (0,10; score 1; weighted value 0,10)
Crop substitution is a significant
threat that can divert farmers' attention and resources to other, more
profitable products. The low score underlines the urgency of addressing this
problem.
Lack of innovation (0,09; score 2; weighted value 0,18)
Lack of innovation may limit the
competitiveness of growers. This threat highlights the need to adopt new
technologies and farming methods.
Lack of road infrastructure (0,12, rating 2,
weighted value 0,24)
Deficiencies in road infrastructure
hinder access to markets and the distribution of products. This threat needs
immediate attention.
Global competition (0,07; score 1; weighted value 0,07)
Competition in the global market is
a minor but relevant challenge. The low score suggests that competition may be
manageable if local competitive advantages are strengthened.
Overall Total (Opportunities and Threats): 2,61
The overall total of 2,61 indicates
a positive balance, as opportunities (1,86) significantly outweigh threats (0,75).
This suggests that, although challenges exist, cocoa farmers can exploit many
more possibilities.
Internal factors assessment matrix MEFI
An internal environment audit is
carried out to identify the strengths and weaknesses of cocoa farming. The
following steps were taken:
· A
list of key internal factors was drawn up.
· A
weight between 0,0 and 1,0 was assigned to each factor. The total of all
weights should add up to 1,0.
· A
score between 1 and 4 was established for each, where one major weakness, two
major weakness, 3 = minor strength, and 4 = major strength.
· The
value was then multiplied by the rating for each factor to determine the
weighted score.
· Finally,
to obtain the total score for the cocoa crops, the weighted score was summed up
as follows.
Figure 28. Internal
factors assessment matrix MEFI
It can be analyzed that the MEFI
matrix of the cocoa crops of the village of Loma Linda de Roberto Nariño has
nine internal factors, of which four belong to the strengths and 5 to
weaknesses where they obtained the following qualifications:
Strengths
Availability of land to cultivate cocoa (Value: 0,15,
Rating: 4, Weighted value: 0,60)
Analysis: a rating of 4 indicates
that the land is highly favorable for cocoa cultivation, which is critical for
the crop's success.
Implication: this strength should
be capitalized to maximize cocoa production and quality.
Community empowerment (Value: 0,10, Rating: 3,
Weighted value: 0,30)
Analysis: empowered communities
tend to collaborate better, which can create cooperatives or associations that
strengthen the cocoa value chain.
Fertile soils (Value: 0,12, Rating: 4, Weighted
value: 0,48)
Analysis: fertile soils are an
excellent advantage for optimal plant growth.
Implication: investing in
agricultural practices that maintain soil fertility will be key.
Cocoa diversity (Value: 0,10, Rating: 3, Weighted
value: 0,30)
Analysis: The diversity of cocoa varieties
can provide competitive advantages and adaptation to different markets.
Implication: Promoting this
diversity can help people cope with pests and diseases. Obtaining an overall
score of 1,68
Weaknesses
Market access (Value: 0,10, Rating: 1, Weighted
value: 0,20)
Analysis: a score of 1 indicates
minimal market access, a critical weakness.
Implication: strategies such as
partnerships or marketing networks should be sought to improve connection to
markets.
Lack of training (Value: 0,12, Rating: 1, Weighted
value: 0,12)
Analysis: this weakness suggests
that producers may not have the necessary skills to maximize production and
quality.
Implication: investing in training
programs to improve farming and management skills is critical.
Devaluation of cocoa (Value: 0,15, Rating: 2,
Weighted value: 0,30)
Analysis: devaluation indicates a
significant problem affecting the profitability of the crop.
Implication: marketing and product
differentiation strategies are needed to address this situation.
Diseases and pests to the crop (Value: 0,08, Rating:
2, Weighted value: 0,16)
Analysis: this weakness represents
a risk to production, although it is being moderately managed.
Implication: implementing
integrated pest and disease management is crucial for crop protection.
Financial access (Value: 0,08, Rating: 2, Weighted
value: 0,16)
Analysis: limited financial access
may restrict investments needed to improve production.
Implication: to ensure financial
viability, seeking alternative financing and support programs is essential.
Having an overall score of 0,94 on
weaknesses.
The organization's overall score of
2,62 on the MEFI matrix indicates a balanced position, with significant
strengths that can be leveraged and weaknesses that need attention.
Overall recommendations
Strengthening Opportunities: to
increase the production of high-quality cocoa, the strengths of the region,
especially the fertile land and soils, should be fully utilized.
Improve Market Access: implement
strategies to improve market access, such as establishing relationships with
cooperatives and distributors.
Training and Education: invest in
training programs to address skills shortages and improve production.
Differentiation Strategies: develop
products that differentiate themselves in the market to counteract the
devaluation of cocoa.
Integrated Pest Management: implement
sustainable practices to manage diseases and pests, ensuring crop health.
SWOT Matrix
The SWOT analysis is carried out to
study the company's external and internal factors, facilitate decision-making,
provide a frame of reference when selecting strategies, and review the
company's position.
Threats and opportunities are
represented by the external conditions of the company that can influence it
negatively or positively; opportunities are external conditions that could
affect the company positively, and threats are external conditions or actions
of other subjects that could affect it negatively.
Figure 29.
SWOT matrix of weaknesses, opportunities, strengths, and threats
Types of green product and process
innovation that can be implemented with cocoa pickers in the Loma Linda village
(ROBERTO PAYAN).
Figure 30. Types
of green product and process innovations that can be implemented with cocoa
collectors in the Loma Linda village (ROBERTO PAYAN)
Compost will also be produced for cocoa cultivation,
contributing to crop sustainability and improved productivity. Here are some of
the main objectives:
Improve soil fertility
Nutrient supply: compost is rich in
essential nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) that favor the growth of
cocoa plants.
Increased organic matter: improves
soil structure, increasing water and nutrient retention capacity.
Environmental Sustainability
Waste Recycling: uses organic waste
(crop residues, kitchen waste, manure) that might otherwise become waste,
contributing to the circular economy.
Reduction of Synthetic Chemicals: decreases
reliance on chemical fertilizers, reducing the risk of soil and water
contamination.
Increased Productivity
Improved Growth and Yield: a more
fertile and healthy soil can produce more vigorous plant growth and higher
fruit production.
Pest and disease control
Improved Soil Health: healthy soil
can be less susceptible to pests and diseases, reducing the need for
pesticides.
Reduced Erosion
Improved Water Retention: soil rich
in organic matter has a better capacity to retain water, which helps prevent
erosion and improves drought resistance.
Local Economy
Cost Savings: farmers can reduce
fertilizer costs and improve crop profitability by producing compost locally.
Environmental Education and Awareness
Promoting Sustainable Practices: encouraging
the use of compost can help farmers better understand the importance of
sustainability in agriculture.
It is a practice that improves the
health and productivity of the cocoa crop and contributes to environmental
sustainability and the well-being of farming communities.
Composting
Compost is an organic fertiliser
obtained by decomposing plant and animal waste or residues into a homogeneous
mass with a lumpy structure rich in humus and microorganisms. This process is
aerobic, so it is enhanced in the presence of air since the decomposition is
done by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.(2)
Materials
It is very simple to manufacture;
all that is needed are materials found on cocoa farms, such as soil, vegetable
waste (banana, corn, beans, cocoa shells, kitchen waste, and others), animal
manure (cattle manure, chicken manure, and others), lime or ash, water, black
plastic #5 gauge.
Source:
https://repository.agrosavia.co/bitstream/handle/20.500.12324/1195/Ver_Documento_1195.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Figure 31. Materials
Use of organic fertilizer
After obtaining the organic
fertilizer, it is recommended that it be used in plantations cultivated within
the cocoa agroforestry system to increase the soil's humus content and water
retention capacity, improve its structural stability, facilitate the soil's
work, stimulate its biological activity, and supply most of the nutrients
necessary for the plant's development.(3)
Source: https://repository.agrosavia.co/bitstream/handle/20.500.12324/1195/Ver_Documen
to_1195.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Figure 32. Use
of organic fertilizer
Action plan with strategies to
implement green innovation for cocoa farmers in Roberto Payán.
Figure 33.
Action plan with strategies to implement green innovation in cocoa farmers in
Roberto Payán
CONCLUSIONS
The project for the cocoa sector in
Roberto Payán demonstrates a holistic approach that takes advantage of the
region's internal resources and capacities and the opportunities and support
available from the national context. The success of this project will depend,
to a large extent, on collaboration between local producers, government
institutions, and non-governmental organizations.
By integrating technical training,
institutional support, investment in infrastructure, and effective promotion in
national markets, cocoa production in Roberto Payán will be boosted, facing
threats with resilience and taking advantage of opportunities efficiently. This
approach will not only improve the competitiveness of cocoa in the region.
However, it will also contribute to local communities' economic and social
development, ensuring a long-term positive and sustainable impact.
The new cocoa sector strategies for
the Roberto Payán region represent a holistic vision that seeks to transform
internal weaknesses and external threats into opportunities for the sector's
sustainable and competitive development. By improving agricultural practices,
optimizing cocoa quality, implementing packaging innovations, and diversifying
crops, regional producers can increase their yields, access new markets, and
improve their economic well-being.
At the same time, addressing
security, infrastructure, and pest control threats through adaptive strategies,
such as dialogues with local stakeholders, transport agreements, and biological
control, will ensure that cocoa production is profitable but also resilient and
sustainable. Access to finance and collaboration with government and private
entities will be key to implementing these strategies and ensuring that cocoa
from Roberto Payán is recognized nationally and internationally for its quality
and sustainability.
It is recommended that cocoa
producers form a legal association in the solidarity economy modality. The main
contribution of the members will be their work in the crop, which is key to
improving the production of high-quality cocoa and obtaining good yields.
Through this association, technical assistance should be requested from
Fedecacao to optimize and strengthen the crops and access credit from the
Agrarian Bank to secure the necessary resources to restart production
correctly.
Implementing organic fertilizers
and green manure, such as composting, is a crucial strategy for agricultural
sustainability. It improves soil health and water quality and contributes to a
more resilient agricultural system that is less dependent on chemical inputs
that negatively affect the environment.
Innovation in cocoa production and
processing, along with taking advantage of opportunities for certification,
fair trade, and differentiation in high-value-added markets, can be key to
improving their income and competitiveness in the global marketplace.
Implementing sustainable agricultural practices, investing in processing
technology, and diversifying cocoa products will allow them to access premium
markets and ensure the long-term sustainability of their crops and communities.
Creating a cocoa producers'
association in Roberto Payán represents a transformative opportunity beyond
improving agricultural productivity. Such an association would strengthen the
social fabric, enable the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices,
and open the door for producers to access broader markets and fairer
negotiations. In addition, through crop diversification, additional income
generation, and access to finance and infrastructure, cocoa farmers in the
region will achieve greater economic stability and resilience to the risks
associated with agriculture.
By adopting a holistic approach
that combines collective work, environmental sustainability, cocoa quality
improvement, and technical training, the Roberto Payán association can become a
model of success that not only improves cocoa competitiveness but also promotes
the region's social, economic, and environmental well-being. With the support
of local authorities, educational institutions, and companies in the sector,
this project can transform agriculture in the region, improving the living
conditions of producers and positioning cocoa from Roberto Payán as a benchmark
of quality and sustainability in the global market.
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FINANCING
None.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Authors declare that there is no
conflict of interest.
AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTION
Conceptualization: Sergio
Oleider Angulo Rincón, Claudia Magali Solarte Solarte.
Data curation: Sergio
Oleider Angulo Rincón, Claudia Magali Solarte Solarte.
Formal analysis:
Sergio Oleider Angulo Rincón, Claudia Magali Solarte Solarte.
Drafting - original draft: Sergio
Oleider Angulo Rincón, Claudia Magali Solarte Solarte.
Writing - proofreading
and editing: Sergio Oleider Angulo Rincón,
Claudia Magali Solarte Solarte.