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Plastic wood as an element for environmental sustainability
This study examines plastic wood as a crucial element for environmental sustainability, highlighting its role in plastic waste reduction and the promotion of the circular economy. By transforming plastic waste into a useful construction material, plastic wood not only decreases plastic pollution but also provides a sustainable alternative to traditional building materials. The research reveals how plastic wood production significantly contributes to the conservation of natural resources by minimizing the need for extracting new raw materials, thus reducing the carbon footprint and energy consumption associated with the manufacturing of conventional construction materials. Additionally, the analysis of the social and economic impact of plastic wood adoption indicates that its implementation fosters job creation, drives innovation in green technologies, and promotes local economic development. These benefits underline the importance of plastic wood not only from an environmental perspective but also as a driver for sustainable development and social inclusion.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ginna Tovar Cardozo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental education for schoolchildren with intellectual disabilities in inclusive educational settings
Environmental education, a fundamental pillar for the formation of a global citizenry committed to sustainable development, is promoted in Cuba through the school curriculum. However, challenges remain in forming critical environmental awareness and adopting sustainable practices in the younger generations. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to propose a program of interest groups to strengthen environmental education among schoolchildren with intellectual disabilities in inclusive educational settings. To achieve this, scientific methods based on theoretical and empirical knowledge are used, as well as statistical and/or mathematical processing methods. Starting from a diagnosis that reveals limitations related to environmental education, the “Natural Explorers” interest circle program is designed, structured in modules and activities with a multisensory approach and individual adjustments that favor the acquisition of knowledge in an experiential way, the development of skills for action, and the education of responsible attitudes towards the environment, from an inclusive perspective. The assessment by specialists certifies the relevance and appropriateness of the interest circle program. Its partial application in practice demonstrates its positive impact in the educational context. The interest circle program is the scientific result of a thesis for the Master's Degree in Pedagogical Sciences at the Marta Abreu Central University of Las Villas and constitutes a modest contribution to the fulfillment of Sustainable Development Goal 4, “Quality Education,” of the 2030 Agenda.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elianne de la Caridad Carrazana Guerra, Mavel Moré Estupiñán (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The importance of evidence in environmental matters
The Argentine Chamber of Fireworks Companies (CAEFA), together with private traders, brought legal action against the Municipality of Paraná, challenging the constitutionality of Decree No. 1469/2017, which prohibited the sale of fireworks to the public. The plaintiffs argued that the regulation violated the right to free trade and infringed on federal powers. The Municipality, in its defence, raised objections of lack of jurisdiction and lack of standing, arguing that the decree fell within its police powers. The trial judge dismissed the lawsuit and upheld the validity of the decree, prompting the plaintiffs to appeal. The Second Chamber of Appeals in Civil and Commercial Matters - Courtroom III - reviewed the case, noting the lack of relevant evidence provided by the plaintiffs. Even so, it requested an expert opinion to determine the damage caused by fireworks to health and the environment. The judges emphasised that declaring a law unconstitutional should be a last resort and that the municipal authority to regulate the use of fireworks was supported by national and provincial legislation. They also stressed that the analysis should focus on environmental and health damage, especially to people with autism spectrum disorders, animals and the community in general. Finally, the Chamber decided to uphold the first instance ruling and dismiss the appeal, arguing that free trade arguments could not prevail over the protection of the environment and public health.
Copyright (c) 2022 Yanina Elisabeth Cerdeira, Mirna Lozano Bosch (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Procedural consistency and material truth: limits and scope of ex officio evidence. Ruling ‘Argentine Chamber of Fireworks Companies (CAEFA) and Others v. Municipality of Paraná on Unconstitutionality Action (Art. 51 Inc. b. Law 8369)’
The analysis of the ex officio nature of evidence in Argentine judicial proceedings was presented as a topic of considerable doctrinal and jurisprudential debate. The discussion focused on the tension between the principle of consistency, the impartiality of the judge, and the search for material truth. Several authors argued that measures to better provide granted magistrates the power to incorporate ex officio evidence when the parties did not offer the necessary elements to decide, without this implying a violation of the equality of the litigants. In this sense, it was highlighted that these measures benefited both parties by placing them in the same situation of doubt or uncertainty. In the administrative sphere, two positions coexisted: one that considered ex officio evidence unnecessary in review proceedings, and another that justified it to ensure effective protection of rights. Legal scholars such as Peyrano defended the exceptional nature of its use, limiting it to very specific circumstances, while the General Environmental Law expressly enabled its application to guarantee the protection of constitutional rights. In comparative law, both the Inter-American Commission and Court of Human Rights and the European Court recognised the importance of ex officio evidence in environmental and fundamental rights matters. Argentine jurisprudence, for its part, endorsed its use in cases of social significance, prioritising health and the environment over purely formal arguments. In conclusion, ex officio evidence has established itself as a legitimate tool, capable of harmonising impartiality, consistency and effective judicial protection within the framework of a fair process.
Copyright (c) 2023 Yanina Elisabeth Cerdeira, Mirna Lozano Bosch (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of soil contamination from municipal landfills in San Pablo, Peru
The research analysed the environmental problems caused by the inadequate disposal of solid waste in the municipal landfill in the District of San Pablo. It was determined that the accumulation of waste without technical criteria generated leachates with high levels of contaminants—heavy metals, organic compounds, and pathogens—which, when infiltrating the subsoil, altered the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. The proximity of the landfill to agricultural areas increased the risk of contamination of crops and livestock, introducing toxic substances into the food chain and affecting public health. Various studies cited showed that leachates reduced soil fertility, altered its structure and caused the accumulation of elements such as lead, cadmium and zinc. An increase in gastrointestinal, respiratory and skin diseases was also observed in nearby communities. The environmental impact included landscape deterioration, loss of biodiversity and the proliferation of disease vectors. At the regulatory level, the Ministry of the Environment's Environmental Quality Standards for Soil were reviewed, along with recommendations from international organisations such as PAHO, CEPIS and CONAM, which proposed the closure of dumps and the implementation of controlled landfills with waterproofing, drainage and leachate treatment systems. The research concluded that mitigating this problem required political will, resource allocation, the application of appropriate technologies and environmental education. The need to adopt integrated solid waste management that preserved soil quality and protected the health and well-being of the population was highlighted.
Copyright (c) 2023 Benny Walker Díaz-Fonseca, Carlos Mauricio Lozano-Carranza, Andi Lozano-Chung (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Experiential environmental education program to strengthen environmental conservation attitudes among first-year students at a private university in the north, 2020
The present study was proposed in order to demonstrate that the application of the Experiential Environmental Education Program is a factor that contributes to the strengthening of environmental conservation attitudes in first-cycle students of the Universidad Privada del Norte, 2020. Methodologically, the study has a quantitative approach, with an experimental design in which we worked with a population made up of two groups, one control group made up of 30 students and another experimental group made up of 30 students from the first cycle of the Universidad Privada del Norte, both groups were I apply a questionnaire as an instrument which went through processes of reliability and validity. The data collected and interpreted allowed us to affirm that the experiential environmental education program as a didactic strategy improves the development of environmental conservation attitudes in first-year students of the Universidad Privada del Norte, 2020 is significant, therefore the general hypothesis is accepted. of research, when observing that in the posttest ρ =0.000 is less than the value of theoretical significance α =0.05.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ítalo Andrés Díaz Horna, Elías Jesús Mejía Mejía (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental education as a philosophy of life: from knowledge to action
Introduction: Over the last few decades, it has been recognized that environmental degradation is not only a concern for experts, but for society as a whole. Despite access to information and institutional efforts, a gap between environmental knowledge and everyday behavior persisted, highlighting an urgent need to strengthen environmental education as a tool for ethical and practical transformation. Development: Environmental education was approached as a continuous process that, by incorporating cognitive, affective, and conative dimensions, made it possible to change attitudes toward conservation. It was analyzed how consumption patterns and lifestyles could change if ethical principles were incorporated. Through various approaches, such as conservationist, naturalist, problem-solving, and sustainable, responsible actions such as recycling, reducing consumption, and respect for biodiversity were promoted. Research showed that educational programs, from basic to university levels, positively influenced the formation of conservationist attitudes, especially when experiential and reflective methodologies were applied. Thus, the importance of cross-cutting and transformative environmental education, beyond isolated content, was valued. Conclusion: It was concluded that environmental education should be a philosophy of life that promotes lasting individual and collective change. Transforming attitudes towards the environment required an ethical, practical, and emotional approach. Global change depended on personal change, and this could only be achieved through education committed to sustainability, capable of forming active, critical, and responsible citizens with regard to the environment and future generations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ítalo Andrés Díaz Horna, Ítalo Andrés Díaz Horna (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
"Urban Mangroves" is a research article whose main objective was to identify key findings regarding the ecological, social, and environmental dynamics of urban mangroves in the context of global change. It explores the ecology, conservation challenges, and socioeconomic value of mangroves that persist in urban and coastal environments, particularly in Mexico. The study focuses on how these ecosystems, despite human pressure and climate change, continue to provide vital services such as coastal protection, water filtration, and biodiversity support. The research also addresses major threats such as habitat fragmentation and land-use conflicts, proposing restoration strategies and highlighting the potential of ecotourism and environmental education as conservation tools. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of public policy and community participation for the sustainable management of these valuable wetlands.
Copyright (c) 2025 Francisco Flores Cárdenas, Víctor Manuel Martínez García, Yennifer Diaz Romero, Paola Marisela Rios Miranda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pollution of Lake San Roque: a silenced threat
Sustainable development was introduced in the 1987 Brundtland Report, which established the importance of meeting current needs without compromising future ones. Within this framework, the concept of sustainable tourism emerged, promoted by the UNWTO, which emphasised the need to consider the environmental, social and economic impact of this activity. However, in practice, many tourist destinations such as Lake San Roque in Córdoba faced a very different reality. Various studies revealed that this body of water suffered severe pollution due to the discharge of untreated wastewater from hotels and restaurants. Persistent enteric viruses and toxin-producing cyanobacteria were detected, posing a serious risk to public health. Scientific research confirmed that up to 62% of the lake was covered by these algae in 2021, a direct consequence of the discharge of approximately 9,000 tonnes of sewage per year. Despite existing environmental laws, such as General Environment Law No. 25,675 and the Organic Law of the Water and Sanitation Directorate of Córdoba, the authorities did not ensure compliance. In addition, greenwashing by some tourism sectors contributed to disguising the magnitude of the problem. The case of Lake San Roque highlighted the disconnect between sustainability rhetoric and actual tourism management, causing profound environmental damage that demanded urgent and effective measures.
Copyright (c) 2023 Jonathan Iván Michaux, Guadalupe Zamar Despontin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Toxic Waters: The pollution of Lake San Roque and the influence of hotel companies on the environment
In the following Final Degree Project, the current situation of water pollution in Lake San Roque, located in Punilla, Córdoba province, Argentina, and the contribution to it by hotel and gastronomy companies in the area, specifically in the city of Villa Carlos Paz, recognized worldwide as one of the major tourism and student tourism capitals, are analyzed. An introduction is carried out to get to know the Howard Johnson Villa Carlos Paz Hotel, one of the most representative and luxurious hotels in the city, which will serve as a representative of the major hotel chains that claim to be great defenders of the environment and ecosystem care policies. The current situation of lake pollution, its history, and the initial cases of sewage discharge into its waters are analyzed. Also, various proposals to solve the problem and their results are examined. Finally, the creation of a four-episode podcast is proposed, in which the situation will be addressed together with expert guests in pollution, doctors, and specialists, in order to raise awareness about the issue and influence the population to demand effective solutions. To achieve this, quantitative research methods such as Surveys and Content Analysis were used, alongside qualitative research methods such as Interviews, Document Analysis and Observation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jonathan Iván Michaux (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The environment and the health-disease process in vulnerable communities in Pinar del Río, 2020-2022
The vertiginous process of globalization and the promotion of individualism offered by postmodernism; They have forced the world health authorities to reassess the relationship between health and the environment. Therefore, the conception of the environment as a determinant of health has gained special relevance; since currently, it is necessary to respond to the challenges required by the relationship between the care of natural resources and the improvement of human health. This article deals with unavoidable aspects about the environment as a determinant of health, first, the concept of environment is exposed, according to the different idiosyncrasies and their implications on health, later, scientific evidence is presented of some examples that support the relationship with the health-disease process and, lastly, challenges that public health professionals have to address.
Copyright (c) 2022 Gisela Martínez-Azcuy, Lázaro Pablo Linares-Cánovas, Alfredo Otero Martínez, Pablo Marín Álvarez, Lorenzo Morejón Carmona (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental Education and Social Sciences, the only effective tool to preserve the planet
Introduction: Environmental education is the programmatic training of individuals who are aware of and responsible for their ecological environment, equipped with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to understand and resolve the environmental problems of their community. Objective: To explain the importance of providing adequate environmental education that contributes to raising the population's awareness in this regard. Methodology: A bibliographic review was conducted between April and May 2023. To conduct this work, articles published in journals, books, and websites were consulted, with a total of 19 bibliographies. Development: Environmental education is based on the idea of ​​incorporating content relevant to environmental preservation and responsible consumption into programs within these curricular frameworks and according to the profiles of the professional model. Conclusions: Environmental education and social sciences are the only truly effective tool for preserving the planet from the consequences of human activity. No other measure will be as fundamental as training future generations in these types of values ​​and responsibilities.
Copyright (c) 2022 Gisela Martínez Azcuy, Alfredo Otero Martínez, Pablo Marín Alvarez, Yania Basanta Amador (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Socioeconomic and environmental effects of the mining sector in Peru (2007-2022)
During the period 2007-2022, Peru's mining sector experienced significant growth driven by foreign investment. However, this growth was overshadowed by the proliferation of socio-environmental conflicts that severely affected the economy and social fabric of mining regions. These conflicts led to the paralysis of major investment projects worth more than $18 billion, representing around 10% of GDP. Economic simulations revealed that, between 2008 and 2014, the country lost more than $67 billion in economic and tax benefits due to the non-execution of projects. In addition, the trade war between China and the United States and the fall in commodity prices intensified the vulnerability of mining exports, which were already affected by social conflicts. At the social level, it was evident that areas with the highest mining activity maintained high levels of poverty and exclusion, reflecting an unequal distribution of benefits. Regional studies confirmed that indigenous and peasant communities were the most affected, facing environmental pollution, loss of biodiversity and violations of their territorial rights. The results confirmed that socio-environmental conflicts had a negative impact on exports and investment in the mining sector, revealing the urgent need for fairer and more sustainable governance of natural resources.
Copyright (c) 2024 Stefany Mariella Acero Flores , Kenny Mishel Hidalgo Lazo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of socio-environmental conflicts on mining exports in Peru during the period 2007-2022
The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of socio-environmental conflicts on mining exports in Peru during the period 2007-2022. To achieve this objective, the multiple linear regression method was used, employing the statistical programme SPSS. The results of the analysis showed that, although the model as a whole is significant (calculated p = 0.011 < tabulated p = 0.05), the coefficient for Socio-Environmental Conflicts did not reach statistical significance (calculated p = 0.627 > tabulated p = 0.05). This suggests that the significance of the overall model appears to be due to the intervention of our control variable, regional GDP. This finding highlights the need for more in-depth and detailed research on the relationship between socio-environmental conflicts and mining exports in Peru, considering possible additional factors or alternative methodological approaches to better understand this complex dynamic.
Environmental impact of waste management in car repair shops in 2023
The objective of this research was to determine the environmental impact generated by waste management in mechanical workshops in the district of Comas during 2023. A qualitative approach with an action research design was used, applying semi-structured interviews to citizens living near these workshops. The study revealed poor management of hazardous waste such as used oil, batteries and automotive fluids, which caused significant damage to natural elements such as soil, air and possibly water. Most mechanical workshops did not properly classify or isolate waste, which contributed to environmental degradation and posed a threat to human health. Although some citizens expressed an intention to act sustainably, they felt limited by the lack of government support and their lack of knowledge of environmental laws. The interviews revealed a negative perception of waste management and a collective concern about the long-term effects. It was concluded that there is an urgent need to implement action plans in conjunction with the local government, as well as to raise awareness among both operators and the community about the effects of poor management. It was also suggested that innovation should be encouraged through the use of eco-friendly materials and methods such as the 5S technique to improve order and cleanliness in workshops. Finally, greater municipal oversight and environmental education from an early age were recommended.
Copyright (c) 2023 Santos Alberto Ato Justiniano, Jose Edwin Touzett Arones, Gustavo Ernesto Zarate Ruiz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental waste management in mechanical workshops: towards a culture of urban sustainability
The study examined the environmental impact generated by auto repair shops, focusing its analysis on the inadequate management of hazardous waste such as lubricating oils, batteries, and polluting filters. National and international background information was reviewed, which showed poor performance by auto repair shops in terms of waste management, in many cases without complying with current environmental regulations. Various studies concluded that waste was disposed of in the environment without prior treatment, seriously affecting water, air and soil. Structural causes were also identified, such as lack of information, limited budgets, absence of municipal permits and poor enforcement by the competent authorities. Alternative solutions were explored, such as the application of bioremediation techniques using microorganisms and the use of activated biochar, which proved effective in restoring contaminated soils. The theoretical framework included the Battelle-Columbus theory and fundamental concepts of ecology and environmental psychology, providing an understanding of how human perceptions and behaviours influence sustainability. The regulatory analysis demonstrated the existence of environmental laws but highlighted their limited application in practice. It was concluded that the environmental management of these establishments required not only sanctions and control but also a cultural and educational transformation that would promote collective sustainable behaviour.
Copyright (c) 2024 Santos Alberto Ato Justiniano, Jose Edwin Touzett Arones, Gustavo Ernesto Zarate Ruiz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strategies for sustainable growth in competitive environments
Introduction: In a dynamic and competitive business context, the importance of applying strategic concepts to strengthen organisational sustainability and growth was analysed. Through a case study, a theoretical framework was established based on four essential pillars: strategic planning, product development, competitive differentiation and customer loyalty. These elements were considered fundamental to guide managerial decisions that would positively impact the company's profitability and positioning. Development: Strategic planning was presented as the central tool for defining priority objectives and outlining effective courses of action. According to various authors, it facilitated adaptation to the changing environment and improved decision-making. Secondly, the growth strategy of product development was addressed, which sought to satisfy new market needs through innovation, as demonstrated by Apple's portfolio. The competitive differentiation strategy, on the other hand, offered a key advantage by highlighting unique product or service attributes. Finally, customer loyalty was further explored, highlighting its role in building lasting relationships and reducing operating costs. Conclusion: It was concluded that the integration of these strategies allowed transforming weaknesses into strengths, generating added value and consolidating customer loyalty. Overall, it was evident that these practices contributed to the positioning of the company and to sustainable and competitive growth.
Copyright (c) 2022 Thomas Mandelman , Claudia Navas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytosanitary barriers and Peruvian agricultural exports, 2012-2019
The study analyzes how phytosanitary barriers influence Peruvian agricultural exports from 2012 to 2019, focusing on grapes, asparagus and avocados. Its main objective is to identify these relationships in order to understand the impact of such regulations on exports. Methodologically, it is a basic, quantitative and explanatory study, with longitudinal design and hypothetico-deductive method, using secondary data from official sources such as SUNAT and the Central Reserve Bank. The results reveal that phytosanitary barriers explain 93.6% of the variability in overall agricultural exports, highlighting their positive impact by improving product quality and facilitating access to international markets. However, their influence varies according to the product: in grapes, they have a minimal incidence (1.6% in FOB value), while in asparagus and avocados they have a moderate impact on the volume exported (55.4% and 90%, respectively). These findings underscore the importance of regulations to guarantee safety and quality, although other factors such as international demand and trade agreements are also determining factors. In conclusion, phytosanitary barriers, although they represent challenges, act as catalysts to strengthen the competitiveness of the Peruvian agricultural sector by encouraging compliance with international standards and promoting innovation in production processes. This positions Peru as a reliable exporter in the global market and highlights the need to diversify markets and strengthen the sector's capabilities.
Copyright (c) 2024 Gianella Ivonne Herrera-Santos, Dyana Abigail Pineda-Alegria (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental education activities through the visual arts
Our environment inhabits natural, source of vital resources that go from the subjective thing to the most objective as the water and the air. It is a mission of the new generations to preserve the environment in that we live, to a more ones in these times in that the industrial exploitation degrades the world in that we live. In contribution to this cause the following investigation has as purpose to apply by means of the plastic arts the environmental education in the students of 5to degree of the Primary School “Jesús Miguel Iglesias", with the purpose of contributing the formation of a correct environmental education, fundamental tool to preserve our environment. Therefore she/he thinks about as objective of this investigation: to elaborate a system of plastic activities that you/they contribute to the development of the environmental education.The methods used for the investigation were the theoretical ones (logical documental, historical analysis, analysis and synthesis) and empiric (it interviews, she/he interviews, statistical method); they allowed to diagnose and to base the problem and basic aspects for the design of the proposal.
Copyright (c) 2022 Lázaro Javier Hernández Bridón, Ricardo López Drago (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental education and art: visual arts as a tool for ecological education in primary schools in Cuba
The research addressed environmental education in Cuba as an essential educational process that, since the Revolution, has been linked to the need to educate citizens who are aware of the connection between society and nature. It was emphasised that the global environmental crisis originated in unsustainable development models and that Cuba, although affected by these effects and by the economic blockade, has prioritised education as a means of reversing this deterioration. Environmental education was defined as a continuous process, integrated at all levels of education, with the aim of promoting values, habits and knowledge that enable harmonious coexistence with the environment. The contributions of international conferences and national strategies in promoting this discipline were highlighted, as well as its inclusion in formal, informal and community programmes. Particular emphasis was placed on the role of the visual arts as a teaching resource to raise awareness among students from an early age. Art was identified as a tool capable of communicating and transforming attitudes towards the environment, highlighting movements such as ecological art or land art and local experiences such as community projects led by Cuban artists. Finally, an environmental assessment was presented in the municipality of Arroyo Naranjo and at the Jesús Miguel Iglesias primary school, where a system of educational activities through the visual arts was designed for 5th grade students, with the aim of improving their environmental awareness and commitment.
Copyright (c) 2023 Lázaro Javier Hernández Bridón, Ricardo López Drago (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
After the 1st Congress of the Cuban Party, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment joined forces in the task of generalising Environmental Education in all corners of the country, with the aim of guaranteeing a human being with an integral education that would allow him/her to live in harmony with the natural and social environment. For this reason, the Cuban State gives this subject of study, at the different levels of education, a vital importance for the conservation of a sustainable world, and highlights the importance of promoting it from an early age. In primary education, it is clearly described why it is important to educate for environmental conservation. From a methodological perspective, the aim is to insert the student into the environmental reality through the use of experiential and active methods. It also seeks to incorporate the community in cooperative activities that favour the achievement of the objectives set specifically in relation to environmental conservation. The teaching that is intended here must be lasting and truly meaningful, demonstrated daily in the conservation of the environment, initially within the school, family and community contexts.
Copyright (c) 2022 Lázaro Javier Hernández Bridón (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green innovation analysis for cocoa farmers in the municipality of Roberto Payán
The municipality of Roberto Payán has a promising agricultural sector for cocoa cultivation, supported by favourable natural conditions and a great potential for the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. Through the application of green innovations, such as agroforestry, the use of organic fertilisers and the integration of clean technologies, it is possible to ensure not only higher productivity, but also environmental protection and the creation of a more resilient and competitive agricultural system. The project focuses on green innovation applied to cocoa harvesters in the municipality of Roberto Payán, with the aim of improving both productivity and environmental sustainability in the region. This municipality has vast hectares of land suitable for large-scale cocoa production, which offers a unique opportunity to transform the agricultural sector. The research seeks to identify the problems and opportunities related to cocoa cultivation, proposing alternative solutions that reduce the environmental impact and increase the quality of the product. The paradigm is positivist by other authors called quantitative and uses data collection and analysis to answer research questions and test previously established hypotheses and relies on numerical measurement, counting and often on the use of statistics to accurately establish, measure and evaluate the quality of the product. use of statistics to accurately establish patterns of behaviour in a population. Approach: The research approach is quantitative because surveys will be conducted in order to collect and analyse numerical data. The research on cocoa farmers has an empirical analytical method because the causes and effects of the problem will be studied and alternative solutions will be given. The current research is descriptive in that it will provide information on the characteristics of the population under study during the year 2024. 30 cocoa producers will be randomly selected, including both family members and some from the village of Loma Linda, as the only data to which we have access for the study. 30 cocoa producers will be selected, including both family members and some from the Loma Linda village. Data collection techniques: Primary sources: A survey will be applied to cocoa farmers in the Loma Linda village (Roberto Payán). Books and degree works of the universities of the city of Pasto will be consulted. Tertiary sources: Web pages, blogs, digital books and digital articles will be consulted. The work shows that the municipality of Roberto Payán has a great potential to develop large-scale cocoa cultivation, taking advantage of the favourable geographical and climatic conditions of the region. The implementation of sustainable agricultural practices, such as agroforestry, the use of organic fertilisers and crop diversification, will not only improve cocoa productivity and quality, but will also contribute to environmental preservation and long-term sustainability
Copyright (c) 2024 Sergio Oleider Angulo Rincón, Claudia Magali Solarte Solarte (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improvement of municipal income and quality of life through solid waste characterisation in El Distrito, Villa El Salvador
The municipalities count on ordinary income, which are those coming from the administration of their patrimony, including the rates by the use of the goods and services; administrative fees for licenses or authorizations. Here it is good to establish a reflection, since there is a technical inaccuracy in terms of the term "rates", because the meanings of rates are confused with "prices", which have a differentiation in the legal, economic and tax fields, because the rates they involve the consideration for a service and give rise to taxes; while the use or lease of municipal goods, for example, by way of concession as a management mode, do not generate rates but prices.The solid waste characterization study is a management tool that emerges from a coordinated and concerted process between authorities and municipal officials, representatives of local, public and private institutions, promoting proper management and management of solid waste, ensuring efficiency, efficiency and sustainability, from its generation to its final disposal, including minimization processes: reduction, reuse and recycling of solid waste where formalized recyclers are included. This research seeks to improve the management of household and non-residential solid waste through the application of strategic management tools that will diagnose, plan and design a series of strategic guidelines that will be part of the Improvement Proposal for the collection of income. Municipal. Source Segregation Program and Selective Collection of Residential Solid Waste in the Villa el Salvador district. Regarding the strengthening of the Management of the SEGAVE (Environmental Management Service of the Municipality of Villa El Salvador), the development of regulatory instruments and local management for the solid waste sector through the training of officials and operational personnel in aspects administrative and technical. It also proposes the design and implementation of plans to strengthen the tariff system and monitoring and monitoring mechanisms of the public cleaning service with the acquisition of equipment for monitoring vehicles, the preparation of technical-operational manuals of all stages of the integral management of municipal solid waste and the design of the awareness program for the neighbor of the district of Villa el Salvador. In order to promote appropriate practices for the population, the project proposes the implementation of programs to disseminate norms, municipal regulations and awareness for the timely payment of the service and good solid waste management practices, reuse, among others. The characterization study responds to the determination of the main qualities and characteristics of solid waste, basically consists of a determination, based on percentages of the main elements that constitute it to establish the quantities and variations thereof over time, besides the estimation of some of its physical properties (humidity, density, etc.). The important thing about a characterization is that it is a method that allows to know the composition of residential and commercial solid residues of the district and this knowledge will allow to design a better integral management, achieving at the same time an optimization of the available resources for such effects. In conclusion, this study seeks to generate qualitative and quantitative information, using statistical sampling methods and indicated analyzes, to determine the generation per capita, volumetric weight, humidity, density and the percentage of recoverable and non- recoverable products, in order to substantiate the conclusions and necessary adjustments for the establishment of alternative solutions on the management and elimination of waste and the improvement of the quality of life of the citizen in the district of Villa El Salvador.
Copyright (c) 2022 Miguel Ángel Melgarejo Quijandria (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Municipal management of solid waste segregation. Villa María del Triunfo, 2021
This investigation was concerned with an inadequate management of the inorganic waste reuse plan caused by an inadequate management of the strategies in the municipality of Villa María del Triunfo. The objective was to verify the influence of municipal management on the segregation of solid waste in the Villa María del Triunfo district. The basic type research, with the hypothetical-deductive method; with a non-experimental, transectional, causal correlational design; It had a population of 294 working people from the municipality of Villa Maria del Triunfo, for this purpose a cluster was used in order to obtain the sample, which finally consisted of 167 participants submitted to the evaluation through two instruments: questionnaire on segregation of inorganic waste and questionnaire on municipal management; prior informed consent. The data was processed to obtain descriptive and inferential information, using the logistic regression and SPSS Software 25 for the latter, finding that the factors explain 65.11% of the variability of the municipal management instrument and the factors explain 59.24% of the variability of the solid waste segregation instrument with a significance level of 0.000.
Towards a Comprehensive Assessment of Water Quality in Colombia: Challenges and Proposals in the Face of Emerging Contaminants
Introduction: Water quality has been recognized as a crucial factor for public health and environmental balance. In Colombia, current regulations have established physical, chemical and microbiological parameters for its evaluation, as defined by Resolution 2115 of 2007. However, the change in environmental, urban and industrial dynamics has generated the need for more updated methods capable of accurately reflecting the real condition of the water resource. Development: Water Quality Indices (WQI), such as the WQFI, WQINSF, DWQI, among others, have served as useful tools for the interpretation and communication of water quality. These indices were constructed from traditional parameters such as dissolved oxygen, coliforms, turbidity and pH. However, their narrow focus has left out compounds currently detectable thanks to the advancement of analytical science: emerging contaminants (ECs). These include pharmaceuticals, pesticides, hormones and viruses, whose presence has not only become more frequent, but also more dangerous to human health and aquatic biodiversity. Conclusions: Given the growing risk posed by ECs, the need to integrate these compounds into monitoring schemes was raised. Methods such as the AMOEBA index or the ICAUCA adapted for the Cauca river offer more contextualized solutions. Thus, it became evident that water quality assessment requires a dynamic and inclusive approach that articulates traditional variables with new threats, also taking into account regional, social and regulatory aspects to ensure access to safe water.
Copyright (c) 2023 José Luis Guataquira Rincón , René Ricardo Cuéllar Rodríguez (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Considerations for the calculation of the Water Quality Risk Index according to current sanitary and epidemiological trends
The prevalence of occasional epidemics associated with waterborne diseases, the presence of chemical contaminants (organic, inorganic, and heavy metals) in bodies that supply water for human consumption due to different anthropogenic activities of an industrial, agricultural, livestock, and care type. human. These contaminants have accumulated until they can be detected by current procedures and equipment, as well as to reach concentrations that can generate diseases. In this sense, the Water Quality Risk Index (IRCA) established by Resolution 2115 of 2007 proposes admissible parameters for drinking water of a microbiological, physical, and chemical nature, parameters that need to be reviewed to update the water monitoring instrument. drinking water supplied to the population. The different water quality indices are compared with respect to the number and frequency of criterion parameters, the reference values, and the methods for calculating the indices for common parameters. Likewise, the inclusion of other parameters associated with emerging contaminants associated with pesticides and microbial agents is analyzed. As a consequence of the investigation, parameters to be included are proposed, such as fecal coliforms, somatic coliphages, V Hepatitis A, OD, BOD, Cd, As, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu and pesticides for which values have already been described. admissible.
Principles of environmental management and decision making in agricultural enterprises in the municipality of Colón
The livestock sector is now in a process of change and modernization where they are strengthening their environmental, social and cultural aspects, to become real profitable, comprehensive and very sustainable agricultural enterprises. In this way, the general objective of the research was to identify the principles of environmental management and decision-making in the agricultural companies of the municipality of Colón. Thus, a survey was conducted of seven agricultural producers distributed in different parishes of the municipality, and some direct observations to the field regarding the way in which each one manages its natural resources. It was evident that each producer in a very general way practise known sustainability actions of popular knowledge or empiricism, sudden and rapid changes in the loss of natural and agricultural biodiversity along with this time of pandemic that has awakened imagination by turning people into artists of the existing and exploiters of available resources. In addition, the vast majority of producers are already aware of turning their productive spaces into areas of socio-environmental equilibrium and that the decisions they make without thinking about the future can cause irreparable damage example with the water resource, soil, among others, and that negatively impact on their living environment. The implementation of an environmental management system in livestock companies will be directly influenced by a much broader and more comprehensive vision so as not to negatively impact their surroundings, similarly its competitive advantage will be crucial by the applicant need to form a form of human well-being linked to natural well-being.
Copyright (c) 2024 Samir Nasser , Hebandreyna González (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Entomotourism and environmental conservation
Introduction: Entomotourism is emerging as an innovative strategy that links tourism based on the observation and study of insects with environmental conservation. This practice promotes the appreciation of entomological biodiversity, fosters environmental education, and promotes the sustainable development of local communities. Methods: Using an argumentative approach, it examines successful cases where tourism has promoted the preservation of species and the restoration of degraded environments. Results: This article analyzes the correlation between entomotourism and ecosystem conservation, highlighting its potential to raise ecological awareness and contribute to the protection of fragile habitats. It also discusses the challenges facing this modality, such as the need for adequate regulations and the mitigation of anthropogenic impacts. Conclusion: The study concludes that entomotourism, under a responsible management framework, can become a key tool for balancing economic exploitation and environmental sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lucas Menéndez Álvarez (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental externalities, from an economic perspective
Introduction: Environmental externalities represent a profoundly relevant economic phenomenon in the interaction between human activities and natural systems. Methodology: Through an argumentative approach, it argues that the internalization of these environmental costs is essential for achieving sustainable development, and proposes economic instruments and public policies to correct these distortions. Results: This article analyzes these externalities from an economic perspective, highlighting their impact on environmental degradation and their influence on the inefficient allocation of resources. It also examines the market mechanisms that generate these externalities, as well as the institutional failures that perpetuate their undervaluation. Conclusion: The correlation between the economy and the environment is addressed comprehensively, emphasizing the need for a robust regulatory framework that balances economic growth and ecological preservation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elvia María Jiménez Zapata (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improvements and issues in sustainable tourism to make Colombia a greener economy
This article analyzes the evolution of sustainable tourism in Colombia, a crucial area for the prosperity and advancement of the nation. Despite its considerable potential, the tourism boom has triggered significant ecological and social difficulties. The initiatives presented aim to reduce the adverse impacts of tourism, such as greenhouse gas emissions and environmental damage, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals proposed by the UN. Government and private sector efforts are highlighted to promote sustainable practices, although obstacles such as high resource consumption, waste generation and lack of adequate infrastructure persist, also highlighting the importance of environmental education and access to financing for small businesses. and medium-sized tourism companies. Colombia, with its abundant and varied biodiversity in flora and fauna, has the potential to become a fundamental pillar when it comes to the tourism sector. However, it is essential to harmonize economic growth with environmental conservation and the preservation of cultural heritage to ensure a positive legacy for future generations. Policies should focus on improving the management and promotion of cooperation between industries to ensure successful growth of sustainable tourism.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ana Isabel Tamayo, Juan Sebastián Ortiz Ibáñez, Rafael Eduardo Hernández Yáñez (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0