Micro(nano)plastics, an emerging health problem

Abstract

Background: Environmental pollutants have become ubiquitous in the last two centuries; of these, plastics, and in particular microplastics (<5 mm), became the most prevalent pollutants.
Microplastics are present in the air, water and food chain, and are produced as such or come from the decomposition of larger plastic materials. Despite the social advances that have enabled plastics, the mismanagement of their waste has become an urgent global problem. Pioneering studies on their toxicity have shown that exposure induces oxidative stress, inflammation and decreased cell viability in living organisms. Current research suggests that these microplastics are transported throughout the environment and can accumulate in human tissues; however, research on health effects, especially in mammals, remains very limited. Material and methods: an exploratory literature review was carried out, taking into account as inclusion criteria: years of publication 2018-2024, English and Spanish language, subject matter related to microplastics and their effects on the health of living beings, and in particular human health, from any geographical area, with open access and full text. The study variables were bibliometric, content and scientific quality. Results and conclusions: The presence of micro- and nanoplastics in the environment and their impact on human health is of increasing concern, as they act as vectors of hazardous substances and endocrine disruptors, can affect various body systems and trigger toxicological responses. Despite progress in understanding these effects, more research is needed to establish reference values and testing techniques. The importance of addressing this problem in a collaborative manner with governments, industry and civil society through public policies and continuous monitoring is highlighted. Comprehensive intervention is essential to address this urgent problem.